Axel Erik Heinrichs (21 July 1890 – 16 November 1965) was a

Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...

military

general A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...

. He was Finland's Chief of the General Staff during the

Interim Peace The Interim Peace ( fi, Välirauha, sv, Mellanfreden) was a short period in the history of Finland during the Second World War. The term is used for the time between the Winter War and the Continuation War, lasting a little over 15 months, from 1 ...

and

Continuation War The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944, as part of World War II.; sv, fortsättningskriget; german: Fortsetzungskrieg. A ...

(1940–1941 and 1942–1944) and commander-in-chief for a short time after the war (1944–1945).

Biography

Heinrichs went to the Swedish co-educational school

Nya svenska samskolan (also known as '','' ), was a Swedish-language, co-educational private educational institution in Helsinki, Finland, from 1888 to 1977. History was founded in the spring of 1888 as an educational institution with nine levels. The founders were ...

. He was one of the

Finnish Jaeger troops Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...

trained in the volunteer

Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a c ...

between 1915 and 1918. During the

Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...

he served as a battalion commander in the battles of

Tampere Tampere ( , , ; sv, Tammerfors, ) is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population o ...

and Viipuri. He commanded the III Corps in the

Winter War The Winter War,, sv, Vinterkriget, rus, Зи́мняя война́, r=Zimnyaya voyna. The names Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 (russian: link=no, Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) and Soviet–Finland War 1 ...

, and from 19 February 1940 the

Army of the Isthmus The Army of the Isthmus ( fi, Kannaksen Armeija) was a formation of the Finnish Army during the Winter War. It was stationed on the Karelian Isthmus and was the largest formation of the Finnish Army, as it was charged to defend the important isthmu ...

. He was made Chief of the General Staff in June 1940 and promoted to General of Infantry in 1941. During the

he commanded the

Army of Karelia The Army of Karelia ( fi, Karjalan armeija) was a Finnish army during the Continuation War. The Army of Karelia was formed on 29 June 1941 soon after the start of the Continuation War. Organisation The army was organised in two corps and one se ...

until January 1942, after which he was again appointed the Chief of the General Staff. After the war he served as the Army's commander-in-chief but was forced to resign because of the

Weapons Cache Case The Weapons Cache Case ( fi, Asekätkentä, sv, Vapengömmoaffären) was a Finnish military plan to continue battle after the ceasefire in 1944, if needed. It concerned a secret and officially unsanctioned military operation following the end of ...

. In 1944 Heinrichs became the second person to receive the

Mannerheim Cross The Mannerheim Cross ( fi, Mannerheim-risti, sv, Mannerheimkorset), officially Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty ( fi, Vapaudenristin Mannerheim-risti, link=no, sv, Frihetskorsets Mannerheimkors, link=no) is the most distinguished Finnis ...

, First Class. He was also a recipient of the

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (german: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), or simply the Knight's Cross (), and its variants, were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. The Knight' ...

. Heinrichs was one of the military experts of the delegation sent by president

Paasikivi Juho Kusti Paasikivi (; 27 November 1870 – 14 December 1956) was the seventh president of Finland (1946–1956). Representing the Finnish Party until its dissolution in 1918 and then the National Coalition Party, he also served as Prime Minister ...

to Moscow for the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance in 1948. Heinrichs was also a praised author of which his book on

Gustaf Mannerheim Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (, ; 4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman. He served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918, as Regent of Finland (1918–1919), as comma ...

is considered his best. He was made an honorary doctor at

University of Helsinki The University of Helsinki ( fi, Helsingin yliopisto, sv, Helsingfors universitet, abbreviated UH) is a public research university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but founded in the city of Turku (in Swedish ''Åbo'') in 1640 as the ...

References

Literature

* * Tapola, Päivi: ''Kenraalien kirjeet'', Tammi, 2007. . * Mann, Chris & Christer Jorgensen: ''Hitler’s Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland and the U.S.S.R. 1940–1945.'' 2002. {{DEFAULTSORT:Heinrichs, Erik 1890 births 1965 deaths Military personnel from Helsinki People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) Swedish-speaking Finns Finnish generals German Army personnel of World War I People of the Finnish Civil War (White side) Finnish military personnel of World War II Knights of the Mannerheim Cross Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross Chiefs of Staff (Finnish Defence Forces) Jägers of the Jäger Movement